Pegasus Caving Club
aka Pegasus Club Nottingham
The Mines of Baravore
Glenmalure, County Wicklow, Ireland
All features in this report are on the South side of Glenmalure. (Refer to sketched plan of the area. Fig. 1 below) A total of six, maybe seven adits have been identified, but due to the entire area being covered by forest* (and midges) it is possible that others may exist. A miner’s road, constructed to give access to all the adits, (except number seven), has a starting point approximately 100 yards from the Ford across the Avonbeg River, at NGR T0657.9415. Adit two is best approached directly from adit one, and adit six from the prominent spoil heaps at the side of the forestry road. Where the miner’s track crosses the forestry road is not too obvious, so it is best to walk up the track from the ford via the new crusher house and number one adit. In some areas the track is totally obscured by the remains of fallen trees.
Fig. 1a. A view of the area South East of the New crusher House taken in December 1999.
Crusher Houses
There are two crusher houses at Baravore and their positions are as shown in Fig. 1.
New Crusher House
Structurally the New Crusher House is in very good condition, the roof and floors having been removed. The only threat to this structure at present is the rotting away of the internal wooden lintel above the opening in the north wall. This could soon cause the collapse of the gable end above this point. There is no indication that this building was ever equipped with a water wheel or crushers. The maximum size of the wheel that could have operated here would have been 5ft. breast by 24ft diameter. The leat to supply water to the wheel can be followed in a South Easterly direction for 390ft., where it turns South West through a cutting leading to a large dry reservoir. This cutting is the result of a collapse of a natural part of the reservoir wall. In the bottom of this cutting are the remains of a stone lined sluice, which would have controlled the amount of water being fed into the leat. The reservoir is approximately 300ft diameter with a head of 8 to 10ft above the leat, giving it a capacity of more than 4 million gallons. Most of the original dam wall at the Eastern end of the reservoir has been washed away leaving a 40ft wide breach, but to one side you can still see the masonry which formed the overflow spillway. From the rear of the reservoir a second leat can be followed in a South Easterly direction for 700ft. to where it intercepts the large stream that runs through Fraughan Rock Glen. At this point there may be the remains of a further dam but interpretation is difficult due to erosion, and damage caused by the forestry.
East wall of the New Crusher House with the remains of the wheel pit in front
Rear of New Crusher House looking Northwest.
South wall of New Crusher house. Note the letter B carved in the stone above the entrance.
The stone lined culvert through the dam wall which was the main outlet from the reservoir.
Remains of the reservoir overflow spillway.
Old Crusher House
The Old Crusher House is, in places in a poor condition, but all the main features can still be seen. The wheel pit is complete and the North wall has apertures for the weighted levers that applied pressure to the rolls. The Doorway on the North side is in urgent need of attention, as the masonry on the West side has collapsed, leaving the very large stone lintel unsupported. If this were to fall the entire North wall would become unstable.
Old Crusher House wheel pit looking South.
Old Crusher House.View from inside showing fixing bolts for the wheel bearing set in the East wall.
North wall of Old Crusher House showing apertures for the weighted levers.
Old Crusher House. Entrance in North wall showing imminent collapse of large lintel
The leat, who’s source was the Avonbeg river, runs in a North West direction at quite a steep gradient to a point where the forestry track has destroyed it. By walking a short distance down the forestry track, (almost to the barrier), and then heading up the hillside into the forest, the continuation may quickly be found. The leat is complete apart from one small section where it was carried in a wooden launder supported on stone pillars, and the last few hundred feet where it has been destroyed by the Road. The measured length of this leat is in excess of 2000 feet.
Figs. 2 & 3 are based on measurements of the remains at the time of our visit.
Please note! The Wheel does not exist at the Old Crusher House as shown in fig. 3.
The Workings
Adit One
See Fig. 4. This is a large open adit with a total of 152.5 metres of passage, and because of its obvious entrance and ease of access it is well trodden. The water in this passage is only a few inches deep near the entrance. All passages end at a forefield, so the full extent of the adit is still accessible and it is unlikely that any ore was produced. The only remains seen were two small iron wedges and a piece of broken drill or chisel.
The entrance to Adit 1
Adit Two
See Fig. 5. This is the most interesting of all the adits, with a total of 127.4 metres of passage. To locate this adit, if you stand looking at the entrance to adit one, and look up and to your right, you should see the spoil heap that is covered in moss between the trees. The entrance is a steeply descending short crawl, into a chamber that has formed through the collapse of the overlying conglomerate, but appears quite stable. A step down out of the chamber gives access to the level, which at this point has chest deep water. All the passage is of walking height with the water gradually de-creasing in depth to a slight trickle. There are various artifacts spread along the passage including a miner’s snap tin, (empty). The most interesting part contains a run of square section wooden ventilation trunking attached to the wall. It consists of 6 feet long sections, 4 inches square. The ends of each section are chamfered to allow airtight joints, and an iron band to stop the box splitting when the ends are pushed one inside the other. The level ends in a forefield having not reached any ore deposits. The flowstone formations in this level are exceptional and every care should be taken to preserve them. (Careful where you put your feet.)
The entrance to Adit 2
Adit Three
See Fig. 6. This adit is easy to locate, being at the back of a small cutting at the side of the track and having a small stream issuing from it. For the first few yards the water is chest deep with only a few inches of airspace, but after turning right along the vein and climbing over a collapse, the passage gradually becomes dry. A 66 feet deep shaft in the floor is the full width of the passage, this being crossed over by bringing in timber from the forest. The shaft continues upwards for an unknown distance, with wooden staging at intervals. This staging has zinc? ventilation pipe attached to it, being approximately three inch diameter. A length of this pipe was later found outside the entrance. The shaft was not descended. Across the shaft the passage is decorated with copper stained blue flowstone. Ahead there are the remains of an ore hopper, it being possible to advance a short distance both under and over this to where the passage has collapsed, halting any further progress. Parts of this mine are very unstable (Take care).
The entrance to Adit 3
Adit Four
This is just a cutting into the hillside and is assumed to have been an adit although no evidence of the passage now exists due to collapse.
Entrance to Adit 4
Adit Five
The impressive entrance is just past the remains of a small building complete with fireplace at what appears to be the end of the track. A short passage soon intercepts the Baravore lode, which has been stoped out to form a chamber. A short passage driven into the far wall was presumably to test for a parallel vein. The South East end of the stope has a 20 feet deep shaft in the floor, giving access to a lower stoped out area. In a North West direction the passage continues for 24 metres to a collapse.
Entrance to Adit 5
Adit six
Judging by the size of the spoil heap associated with this adit, much of it being removed by the construction of the forest road, it would appear that this was the main working at Baravore. Unfortunately the entrance has collapsed leaving only a fair sized stream issuing through the boulders. A wall built at the back of the spoil heap has large apertures set into it and may have been some sort of ore bins.
Adit Seven?
When we visited the site, the vegetation was very dense in this area, but it gives the impression that some excavation had taken place here.
* On a visit to the site in December 1999, an area of forest to the South East of the new crusher house had been cleared, making the interpretation of the leat system easier. See Fig. 1a.
Underground Photo Gallery
Looking out of adit number One.
Entrance passage in adit number One.?
Coming out of the deep water at the beginning of adit number Two.
Close-up of wooden ventilation trunking in adit number Two.
Miscellaneous ironwork in adit number Two
Zinc ventilation pipe in adit number Three. (35mm lense cap for size)
Ventilation trunking in adit number Two.
Mineral staining just inside the entrance to adit number Two where the passage drops into deep water.
The forefield at the end of adit number Two.
Looking from the other side of the collapsed Hopper in adit number Three.
Avoiding damage to the formations by traversing the wall near the end of adit number Two.
Passage driven along the Baravore Lode, adit number Three.
The miners snap tin, adit number Two. (35mm lense cap for size)
Copper staining on the walls of adit number Three.
Other Remains.
In addition to the two crusher houses there are remains of other buildings in the area. These are shown in Fig. 7 & 8 But it must be emphasised that the interpretation of some of these foundations proved difficult. At group B, the drainage ditch that runs along the side the road has partially buried the front walls so entrances could not be traced without excavation. Pieces of dressed blue roofing slate were found at group B. There is no evidence that suggests that these buildings were directly associated with the mines, but the position of groups A & B, at the commencement of the miners track, may be relevant.
References to Baravore
The Mines of Wicklow. Anon. 1856. page 20.
Baravore, where a fine strong and promising lode, having the same bearing as, and supposed to be a continuation of, the Ballinafunshogue Lode, has been worked upon to a considerable extent. This mine has been lately abandoned: and the parties who were working it are now working on the opposite side of the valley, at Ballygoneen.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Mineral Resources.
Memoir and Map of Localities of Minerals of Economic Importance and Metalliferous Mines in Ireland. Grenville A. J. Cole. 1922. pages 17 & 114.
Baravore (Barravore). 1” 130. 6” Wicklow 23 S.W. This is one of the Glenmalure Mines (See under Lead). The Lode contains an important quantity of Barytes.
Baravore (Barravore of Griffith’s Map; Baravone of Lists of Mines) is N.W. of Clonkeen. Smyth (“Mines of Wicklow,” p. 360) speaks of a considerable trial here in 1846. The mine is in the official lists from 1865 to 1874. On the MS 6” Geological Survey map, the lode appears to be a direct continuation of that of Ballinafunshoge.
On the Mines of Wicklow and Wexford. Warrington w. Smyth. 1853. page 362.
Since 1846 a considerable trial has been carried on in the townland of Baravore, upon a strong lode, coursing E.S.E. and bearing galena with zinc blend, copper pyrites, black oxide and carbonate of copper. It is at present abandoned.
The Mining Journal. January 19th 1861. Page 41.
At the Barravore Silver-Lead Mining Company meeting, in Dublin, on Thursday, the directors report stated that, under the advice of their captain, certain machinery had been erected, with the view to deep sinking, this work being strongly recommended by him as actually necessary to develop the mine, and render the speculation profitable. In October a deputation from England, accompanied by Mr. J. Stanton, visited the mines, and concluded that the deep sinking then in operation should be suspended, it not having been found remunerative, and that another course of operation should be pursued. The directors carried on the work recommended for upwards of two months, and then consulted Mr. Evan Hopkins, and, acting upon his report, they considered it advisable to make considerable reduction in the establishment as a temporary measure, and until after the holding of the meeting. Of the original money capital of 3500l., about 600l. remains unexpended, which, being quite insufficient to carry on the works, the directors recommended that the existing liabilities be discharged, and the works suspended, unless the proprietary are of opinion that further trials should be made, which can only be done by an increase in capital.- by the reconstitution of the company. The directors have carried on the duties entrusted to them free of all charges to the company, and one of their number, Mr. Crampon, has acted as hon. secretary. Mr. Cousins, who has hitherto assisted in the office, will henceforth act as secretary, - Mr. A. de B. Bliss was appointed auditor. A call of 2s. 6d. per share was made. An extraordinary general meeting is convened for Feb. 1. when it will be decided whether the company shall be re-formed, or its affairs wound-up.
Stuart (Cheg) Chester & Nigel Burns 1998
Originally published in P.C.N. Occasional Publication Number 8
Addenda 2024
In 2024, the National Library of Scotland provided online access to the Ordnance Survey Six-Inch Maps, covering Ireland and Northern Ireland from 1829 to 1969, comprising a total of 4,705 sheets. The first edition of these maps dates from the 1840s to the 1880s, and the second edition spans from 1888 to 1915.
Glenmalure and the townland of Baravore appear on Wicklow Sheet 23. The first edition shows no signs of mining activity except for buildings alongside the road. However, the second edition, surveyed in 1838, revised in 1908-9, and published in 1911, depicts both the old and new crusher houses, as well as the locations of four 'Levels'. When compared to Fig. 1, these seem to correspond to Adits 1, 2, 5, and 6, with their precise locations derived from the georeferenced map as follows:-
Adit 1, NGR SG03541 52573, GPS 52.98823 - 6.41881, ITM 706162.765 - 694224.786
Adit 2, NGR SG03501 52537, GPS 52.98789 - 6.41937, ITM 706126.003 - 694186.131
Adit 5, NGR SG03118 52698, GPS 52.98912 - 6.42520, ITM 705731.59 - 694314.366
Adit 6, NGR SG03266 52692, GPS 52.98914 - 6.42299, ITM 705879.91 - 694319.85
Baravore Mines depicted on the second edition Ordnance Survey 6" Map dated 1888
Cheg Chester, November 2024
Recent attempts to locate and investigate the mine workings at Baravore have proven to be extremely challenging, due to the dense immature forest which obscures all entrances except for adit one. The enthusiastic correspondence received in October 2024 by the Pegasus Club, which included a video documenting the workings in adit two, is presented here.
I had been going to Baravore every summer for as long as I can remember. My grandparents did mention mining when we were camping there when I was a child.
During the summer of 2022 I stumbled on the Pegasus Caving club website and decided to re investigate the mines mentioned in Wicklow. I have been trained in confined space working as part of my work so i was confident of my skills coupled with my amateur interest of mine exploring. I spent many hours pouring over maps, online and paper with comparison to the Pegasus map.
I first had to locate said mines and to date I have found adits 1.2 and 6.
My recorded co-ordinates for Adit 2 entrance are:-
52.988154 - 6.419172 (Degrees, GPS Compatible)
706035.88 – 694113.025 (ITM Irish Transverse Mercator)
I used fairly sketchy GPS location finders that dropped in and out this year, nothing electronic worked for me in the past but someone showed me an offline map service this year which worked (enough). I tried dead reckoning and map reading but 20 metres of error in a dense forest is huge.
I was about to give up.....machete hanging off my belt, absolutely filthy, tired, scratched and bitten by midgets (midges, English), I looked around a tree and saw a pile of rocks. I can’t tell you how excited I was to find the spoil heap; it has been a goal of mine for a long time.
It Looked like the spoil heap, and there it was; however it took me another hour to find the entrance. I entered, checked the gases with a gas analyser and then came back the next day with chest high waders, helmet etc.
There is a tourist trail now that takes you straight to adit number one which was gated by the council but it fell down in a storm so it now gets a lot of visitors.
Due to littering etc during lockdown the council have blocked off a lot of campsites. However a local community group and the council have secured the new and old crusher houses with structural remedial works and locked gates to prevent entry. so they are secure for now.
I would still like to find Adits 4 and 5 but they are heavily overgrown with green foliage/ferns and full of ticks.
Deeming it a non-runner for now and having limited time and seeing as how the Pegasus Club guide deemed to point to adit 2 as being the most interesting, I concentrated on adit 2.
You can just about see the top of the new crusher house through the trees when you are standing on the top of adit 2 spoil heap.
Christopher Raymond, Louth, County Dublin, Ireland, October 2024